[1] Abdul Khalil H P S, Davoudpour Y, Islam M N, et al., 2014. Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 99: 649–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.069.
[2] Abe K, Nakatsubo F, Yano H, 2009. High-strength nanocomposite based on fibrillated chemi-thermomechanical pulp. Composites Science and Technology, 69(14): 2434–2437. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.06.015.
[3] Arsene M A, Bilba K, Savastano Junior H, et al., 2013. Treatments of non-wood plant fibres used as reinforcement in composite materials. Materials Research, 16(4): 903–923. DOI: 10.1590/s1516-14392013005000084.
[4] Bian H Y, Chen L H, Dai H Q, et al., 2017a. Effect of fiber drying on properties of lignin containing cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils produced through maleic acid hydrolysis. Cellulose, 24(10): 4205–4216. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-017-1430-7.
[5] Bian H Y, Chen L H, Dai H Q, et al., 2017b. Integrated production of lignin containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNC) and nanofibrils (LCNF) using an easily recyclable Di-carboxylic acid. Carbohydrate Polymers, 167: 167–176. DOI: 10.1016/ j.carbpol.2017.03.050.
[6] Brinchi L, Cotana F, Fortunati E, et al., 2013. Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 94(1): 154–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033.
[7] Brodin M, Vallejos M, Opedal M T, et al., 2017. Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162: 646–664. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.209.
[8] Chaker A, Alila S, Mutjé P, et al., 2013. Key role of the hemicellulose content and the cell morphology on the nanofibrillation effectiveness of cellulose pulps. Cellulose, 20(6): 2863–2875. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-013-0036-y.
[9] Chen H, 2014. Biotechnology of lignocellulose: theory and practice. Beijing and Springer: Chemical Industry Press.
[10] Chen L H, Wang Q Q, Hirth K, et al., 2015. Tailoring the yield and characteristics of wood cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using concentrated acid hydrolysis. Cellulose, 22(3): 1753– 1762. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-015-0615-1.
[11] Chen W S, Yu H P, Liu Y X, et al., 2011. Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(4): 1804–1811. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol. 2010.10.040.
[12] Diop C I K, Tajvidi M, Bilodeau M A, et al., 2017. Evaluation of the incorporation of lignocellulose nanofibrils as sustainable adhesive replacement in medium density fiberboards. Industrial Crops and Products, 109: 27–36. DOI: 10.1016/ j.indcrop.2017.08.004.
[13] Dong S P, Bortner M J, Roman M, 2016. Analysis of the sulfuric acid hydrolysis of wood pulp for cellulose nanocrystal production: A central composite design study. Industrial Crops and Products, 93: 76–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.01.048.
[14] Dungani R, Karina M, Subyakto, et al., 2016. Agricultural waste fibers towards sustainability and advanced utilization: a review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 15(1): 42–55. DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2016.42.55.
[15] Espinosa E, Sánchez R, González Z, et al., 2017. Rapidly growing vegetables as new sources for lignocellulose nanofibre isolation: Physicochemical, thermal and rheological characterisation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 175: 27–37. DOI: 10.1016/ j.carbpol.2017.07.055.
[16] Fukuzumi H, Saito T, Iwata T, et al., 2009. Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Biomacromolecules, 10(1): 162–165. DOI: 10.1021/bm801065u.
[17] Fukuzumi H, Saito T, Okita Y, et al., 2010. Thermal stabilization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(9): 1502–1508. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab. 2010.06.015.
[18] Grishkewich N, Mohammed N, Tang J T, et al., 2017. Recent advances in the application of cellulose nanocrystals. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 29: 32–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.01.005.
[19] Habibi Y, 2014. Key advances in the chemical modification of nanocelluloses. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(5): 1519–542. DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60204d.
[20] Han J S, Rowell J S, 1996. Chemical composition of fibers, in paper and composites from agro-based resources. London: CRC Press, 83–134.
[21] Henriksson M, Henriksson G, Berglund L A, et al., 2007. An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers. European Polymer Journal, 43(8): 3434–3441. DOI: 10.1016/ j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038.
[22] Herrera M, Thitiwutthisakul K, Yang X, et al., 2018. Preparation and evaluation of high-lignin content cellulose nanofibrils from eucalyptus pulp. Cellulose, 25(5): 3121–3133. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1764-9.
[23] Huang P, Wu M, Kuga S, et al., 2012. One-step dispersion of cellulose nanofibers by mechanochemical esterification in an organic solvent. ChemSusChem, 5: 2319–2322. DOI: 10. 1002/cssc.201200492.
[24] Ioelovich M, 2012. Optimal conditions for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose particles. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2(2): 9–13. DOI: 10.5923/j.nn.20120202.03.
[25] Jiang F, Hsieh Y L, 2013. Chemically and mechanically isolated nanocellulose and their self-assembled structures. Carbohydrate Polymers, 95(1): 32–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013. 02.022.
[26] Jiang Z C, Hu C W, 2016. Selective extraction and conversion of lignin in actual biomass to monophenols: a review. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(6): 947–956. DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem. 2016.10.008.
[27] Julkapli N M, Bagheri S, 2017. Progress on nanocrystalline cellulose biocomposites. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 112: 9–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.12.013.
[28] Kalia S, Kaith B S, Kaur I, 2011. Cellulose fibers: bio- and nano-polymer composites. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[29] Li Y N, Liu Y Z, Chen W S, et al., 2016. Facile extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from wood using ethanol and peroxide solvothermal pretreatment followed by ultrasonic nanofibrillation. Green Chemistry, 18(4): 1010–1018. DOI: 10.1039/c5gc02576a.
[30] Lorenz M, Sattler S, Reza M, et al., 2017. Cellulose nanocrystals by acid vapour: towards more effortless isolation of cellulose nanocrystals. Faraday Discussions, 202: 315–330. DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00053g.
[31] Lu H L, Zhang L L, Liu C C, et al., 2018. A novel method to prepare lignocellulose nanofibrils directly from bamboo chips. Cellulose, 25(12): 7043–7051. DOI: 10.1007/ s10570-018-2067-x.
[32] Mohamad Haafiz M K, Eichhorn S J, Hassan A, et al., 2013. Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm biomass residue. Carbohydrate Polymers, 93(2): 628–634. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.035.
[33] Mondal S, 2017. Preparation, properties and applications of nanocellulosic materials. Carbohydrate Polymers, 163: 301–316. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.050.
[34] Morales L O, Iakovlev M, Martin-Sampedro R, et al., 2014. Effects of residual lignin and heteropolysaccharides on the bioconversion of softwood lignocellulose nanofibrils obtained by SO2-ethanol-water fractionation. Bioresource Technology, 161: 55–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.025.
[35] Nair S S, Kuo P Y, Chen H Y, et al., 2017. Investigating the effect of lignin on the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of cellulose nanofibril reinforced epoxy composite. Industrial Crops and Products, 100: 208–217. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.032.
[36] Nair S S, Yan N, 2015. Effect of high residual lignin on the thermal stability of nanofibrils and its enhanced mechanical performance in aqueous environments. Cellulose, 22(5): 3137–3150. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-015-0737-5.
[37] Nechyporchuk O, Belgacem M N, Bras J, 2016. Production of cellulose nanofibrils: a review of recent advances. Industrial Crops and Products, 93: 2–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop. 2016.02.016.
[38] Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H, et al., 2007. Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high- pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromolecules, 8(6): 1934–1941. DOI: 10.1021/bm061215p.
[39] Pejic B M, Kostic M M, Skundric P D, et al., 2008. The effects of hemicelluloses and lignin removal on water uptake behavior of hemp fibers. Bioresource Technology, 99(15): 7152–7159. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.073.
[40] Peng S, Xu Q, Fan L L, et al., 2016. Flexible polypyrrole/cobalt sulfide/bacterial cellulose composite membranes for supercapacitor application. Synthetic Metals, 222: 285–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.11.002.
[41] Phanthong P, Reubroycharoen P, Hao X G, et al., 2018. Nanocellulose: extraction and application. Carbon Resources Conversion, 1(1): 32–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2018.05.004.
[42] Poletto M, Zattera A J, Forte M M C, et al., 2012a. Thermal decomposition of wood: influence of wood components and cellulose crystallite size. Bioresource Technology, 109: 148–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.122.
[43] Poletto M, Zattera A J, Santana R M C, 2012b. Thermal decomposition of wood: Kinetics and degradation mechanisms. Bioresource Technology, 126: 7–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech. 2012.08.133.
[44] Rojo E, Peresin M S, Sampson W W, et al., 2015. Comprehensive elucidation zof the effect of residual lignin on the physical, barrier, mechanical and surface properties of nanocellulose films. Green Chemistry, 17(3): 1853–1866. DOI: 10.1039/c4gc02398f.
[45] Sabo R, Yermakov A, Law C T, et al., 2016. Nanocellulose-enabled electronics, energy harvesting devices, smart materials and sensors: a review. Journal of Renewable Materials, 4(5): 297–312. DOI: 10.7569/jrm.2016.634114.
[46] Salas C, Nypelö T, Rodriguez-Abreu C, et al., 2014. Nanocellulose properties and applications in colloids and interfaces. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 19(5): 383–396. DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.10.003.
[47] Sánchez R, Espinosa E, Domínguez-Robles J, et al., 2016. Isolation and characterization of lignocellulose nanofibers from different wheat straw pulps. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 92: 1025–1033. DOI: 10.1016/ j.ijbiomac.2016.08.019.
[48] Sharma P R, Varma A J, 2014a. Functionalized celluloses and their nanoparticles: morphology, thermal properties, and solubility studies. Carbohydrate Polymers, 104: 135–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.015.
[49] Sharma P R, Varma A J, 2014b. Thermal stability of cellulose and their nanoparticles: effect of incremental increases in carboxyl and aldehyde groups. Carbohydrate Polymers, 114: 339–343. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.032.
[50] Spence K L, Venditti R A, Rojas O J, et al., 2011. A comparative study of energy consumption and physical properties of microfibrillated cellulose produced by different processing methods. Cellulose, 18(4): 1097–1111. DOI: 10.1007/s10570- 011-9533-z.
[51] Stark N M, 2016. Opportunities for cellulose nanomaterials in packaging films: a review and future trends. Journal of Renewable Materials, 4(5): 313–326. DOI: 10.7569/jrm.2016. 634115.
[52] Tarrés Q, Ehman N V, Vallejos M E, et al., 2017. Lignocellulosic nanofibers from triticale straw: the influence of hemicelluloses and lignin in their production and properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 163: 20–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol. 2017.01.017.
[53] Thomas S, Paul S A, Pothan L A, et al., 2011. Natural fibres: structure, properties and applications//Thomas S, Paul S A, Pothan L A, et al. Cellulose fibers: bio- and nano- polymer composites. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011: 3–42.
[54] Trache D, Hussin M H, Haafiz M K M, et al., 2017. Recent progress in cellulose nanocrystals: sources and production. Nanoscale, 9(5): 1763–1786. DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09494e.
[55] Wang X D, Yao C H, Wang F, et al., 2018. Cellulose-based nanomaterials for energy applications. Small, 14(10): 1704152. DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704152.
[56] Wei L Q, Agarwal U P, Matuana L, et al., 2018. Performance of high lignin content cellulose nanocrystals in poly(lactic acid). Polymer, 135: 305–31z3. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.039.