Volume 6 Issue 1
Feb.  2021
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Sehrish Manan, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Mazhar Ul-Islam, Omar Mohammad Atta, Guang Yang. Synthesis and Applications of Fungal Mycelium-based Advanced Functional Materials[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2021, 6(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.001
Citation: Sehrish Manan, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Mazhar Ul-Islam, Omar Mohammad Atta, Guang Yang. Synthesis and Applications of Fungal Mycelium-based Advanced Functional Materials[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2021, 6(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.001

Synthesis and Applications of Fungal Mycelium-based Advanced Functional Materials

doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.001
More Information
  • Over the last couple of decades, the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biological resources is receiving immense consideration. This is also in accordance with the need for green and sustainable development of new materials. For example, the growing concerns of the degradation of synthetic plastics are shifting the direction of materials-related research to the use of polymeric materials acquired from renewable resources. For example, the fungal mycelium-based materials are produced by growing the vegetative part of mushroom-forming fungi on different organic substrates. Such fungi are known for their ability to degrade agricultural wastes such as straws and sawdust. The mycelium-based composites having tailored structural, physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties are relying on the strain, feeding substrate, and the manufacturing process. The mycelium cell wall mainly contains the chitin, glucans, proteins, and lipids, whose concentrations depend upon the feeding substrate that ultimately defines the final properties of the synthesized materials. The mycelium-based functional materials with tunable properties are synthesized by selecting the desired components and the synthesis method. The pure and composites of stiff, elastic, porous, less dense, fast-growing, and low-cost mycelium-derived materials with efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant, and skin whitening properties pave their way in various applications such as construction, packaging, medicine, and cosmetics. This review describes the synthesis and structural organization of mycelium-based materials. It further discusses the effect of different factors on the material properties. Finally, it summarizes different applications of mycelium-based materials in medicine, cosmetics, packaging, and construction fields.

     

  • loading
  • Abhijith, R. , Ashok, A. , Rejeesh, C. R. , 2018. Sustainable packaging applications from mycelium to substitute polystyrene: a review. Mater. Today: Proc. 5, 2139-2145. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.211
    Aggarwal, B. B. , Sung, B. , 2009. Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: an age-old spice with modern targets. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 30, 85-94. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.11.002
    Ahmad, M. F. , Ahmad, F. A. , Azad, Z. A. A. , Alam, M. I. , Ansari, J. A. , Panda, B. P. , 2013. Edible mushrooms as health promoting agent. Adv. Sci. Focus. 1, 189-196. doi: 10.1166/asfo.2013.1034
    Appels, F. V. W. , Camere, S. , Montalti, M. , Karana, E. , Jansen, K. M. B. , Dijksterhuis, J. , Krijgsheld, P. , Wösten, H. A. B. , 2019. Fabrication factors influencing mechanical, moisture- and water-related properties of mycelium-based composites. Mater. Des. 161, 64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.027
    Appels, F. V. W. , Dijksterhuis, J. , Lukasiewicz, C. E. , Jansen, K. M. B. , Wösten, H. A. B. , Krijgsheld, P. , 2018. Hydrophobin gene deletion and environmental growth conditions impact mechanical properties of mycelium by affecting the density of the material. Sci. Rep. 8, 4703. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23171-2
    Cerimi, K. , Akkaya, K. C. , Pohl, C. , Schmidt, B. , Neubauer, P. , 2019. Fungi as source for new bio-based materials: a patent review. Fungal Biol. Biotechnol. 6, 17. doi: 10.1186/s40694-019-0080-y
    Chambergo, F. S. , Valencia, E. Y. , 2016. Fungal biodiversity to biotechnology. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100, 2567-2577. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7305-2
    Chang, J. H. , Chan, P. L. , Xie, Y. C. , Ma, K. L. , Cheung, M. K. , Kwan, H. S. , 2019. Modified recipe to inhibit fruiting body formation for living fungal biomaterial manufacture. PLoS One 14, e0209812. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209812
    Chen, G. Q. , Yi, B. , Zeng, G. M. , Niu, Q. Y. , Yan, M. , Chen, A. W. , Du, J. J. , Huang, J. , Zhang, Q. H. , 2014. Facile green extracellular biosynthesis of CdS quantum dots by white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Colloids Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 117, 199-205. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.027
    Collet, F. , Pretot, S, 2014. Thermal conductivity of hemp concretes: variation with formulation, density and water content. Constr. Build. Mater. 65, 612-619. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.039
    Dangre, D. M. , Dafne, L. P. , Bhagat, R. P. , 2012. Effct ofPleurotus nebrodensis extract on melanin synthesis: a natural alternative for cosmetics. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants 4, 579-588. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20133041624.html
    Du, H. , Perré, P. , 2020. A novel lattice-based model for investigating three-dimensional fungal growth on solid media. Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl. 541, 123536. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2019.123536
    Dubost, N. J. , Beelman, R. B. , Peterson, D. , Royse, D. J. , 2006. Identification and quantification of ergothioneine in cultivated mushrooms by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 8, 215-222. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v8.i3.30
    Eastwood, D. C. , Floudas, D. , Binder, M. , Majcherczyk, A. , Schneider, P. , Aerts, A. , 2011. The plant cell wall-decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. Science 333, 762-765. doi: 10.1126/science.1205411
    El Enshasy, H. A. , Hatti-Kaul, R. , 2013. Mushroom immunomodulators: unique molecules with unlimited applications. Trends Biotechnol. 31, 668-677. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.09.003
    Farooq, U. , Ullah, M. W. , Yang, Q. L. , Aziz, A. , Xu, J. J. , Zhou, L. , Wang, S. Q. , 2020. High-density phage particles immobilization in surface-modified bacterial cellulose for ultra-sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Biosens. Bioelectron. 157, 112163. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112163
    Faruk, O. , Bledzki, A. K. , Fink, H. P. , Sain, M. , 2012. Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000-2010. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 1552-1596. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003
    Floudas, D. , Binder, M. , Riley, R. , Barry, K. , Blanchette, R. A. , Henrissat, B. , 2012. The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. Science 336, 1715-1719. doi: 10.1126/science.1221748
    Free, S. J. , 2013. Fungal cell wall organization and biosynthesis. Advances in Genetics 81, 33-82. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/b9780124076778000026
    Gibson, A. P. M. G. , 2006. Fire properties of polymer composite materials. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
    Goldman, D. L. , Vicencio, A. G. , 2012. The chitin connection. mBio 3, e00056-12. http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3315704/?lang=fr
    Guilger-Casagrande M. , de Lima R. , 2019. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by fungi: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7, 287. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00287
    Gunawardena, D. , Bennett, L. , Shanmugam, K. , King, K. , Williams, R. , Zabaras, D. , Head, R. , Ooi, L. , Gyengesi, E. , Münch, G. , 2014. Anti-inflammatory effects of five commercially available mushroom species determined in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ activated murine macrophages. Food Chem. 148, 92-96. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.015
    Haneef, M. , Ceseracciu, L. , Canale, C. , Bayer, I. S. , Heredia-Guerrero, J. A. , Athanassiou, A. , 2017. Advanced materials from fungal mycelium: fabrication and tuning of physical properties. Sci. Rep. 7, 41292. doi: 10.1038/srep41292
    Hawksworth, D. L. , Lücking, R. , 2017. Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. The Fungal Kingdom. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 79-95.
    Hsu, K. D. , Chen, H. J. , Wang, C. S. , Lum, C. C. , Wu, S. P. , Lin, S. P. , Cheng, K. C. , 2016. Extract of Ganoderma formosanum mycelium as a highly potent tyrosinase inhibitor. Sci. Rep. 6, 32854. doi: 10.1038/srep32854
    Hyde, K. D. , Bahkali, A. H. , Moslem, M. A. , 2010. Fungi: an unusual source for cosmetics. Fungal Divers. 43, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s13225-010-0043-3
    Ibrar, M. , Ullah, M. W. , Manan, S. , Farooq, U. , Rafiq, M. , Hasan, F. , 2020. Fungi from the extremes of life: an untapped treasure for bioactive compounds. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104, 2777-2801. doi: 10.1007/s00253-020-10399-0
    Islam, M. R. , Tudryn, G. , Bucinell, R. , Schadler, L. , Picu, R. C. , 2018. Mechanical behavior of mycelium-based particulate composites. J. Mater. Sci. 53, 16371-16382. doi: 10.1007/s10853-018-2797-z
    Jailani, M. , Nor, M. , Jamaludin, N. , Tamiri, F. M. 2014. A preliminary study of sound absorption using multi-layer coconut coir fibers. Electron. J. Technical Acoust. 3, 1-8. http://ejta.org/archive/articles2004/tamiri1.zip
    Jalmi, P. , Bodke, P. , Wahidullah, S. , Raghukumar, S. , 2012. The fungus Gliocephalotrichum simplex as a source of abundant, extracellular melanin for biotechnological applications. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 505-512. doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-0841-0
    Jasim, A. , Ullah, M. W. , Shi, Z. J. , Lin, X. , Yang, G. , 2017. Fabrication of bacterial cellulose/polyaniline/single-walled carbon nanotubes membrane for potential application as biosensor. Carbohydr. Polym. 163, 62-69. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.056
    Jiang, L., Walczyk, D., Mcintyre, G., 2013a. A new process for manufacturing biocomposite laminate and sandwich parts using mycelium as a binder. American Society for Composites 29th Technical Conference.
    Jiang, L., Walczyk, D., Mooney, L., Putney, S., 2013b. Manufacturing of mycelium-based biocomposites. International SAMPE Technical Conference.
    Jones, M. , Bhat, T. , Huynh, T. , Kandare, E. , Yuen, R. , Wang, C. H. , John, S. , 2018. Waste-derived low-cost mycelium composite construction materials with improved fire safety. Fire Mater. 42, 816-825. doi: 10.1002/fam.2637
    Jones, M. , Huynh, T. , Dekiwadia, C. , Daver, F. , John, S. , 2017. Mycelium composites: a review of engineering characteristics and growth kinetics. J. Bionanoscience 11, 241-257. doi: 10.1166/jbns.2017.1440
    Jones, M. , Mautner, A. , Luenco, S. , Bismarck, A. , John, S. , 2020. Engineered mycelium composite construction materials from fungal biorefineries: a critical review. Mater. Des. 187, 108397. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108397
    Jones, M. , Weiland, K. , Kujundzic, M. , Theiner, J. , Kählig, H. , Kontturi, E. , John, S. , Bismarck, A. , Mautner, A. , 2019. Waste-derived low-cost mycelium nanopapers with tunable mechanical and surface properties. Biomacromolecules 20, 3513-3523. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00791
    Joshi, K. , Meher, M. K. , Poluri, K. M. , 2020. Fabrication and characterization of bioblocks from agricultural waste using fungal mycelium for renewable and sustainable applications. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 3, 1884-1892. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01047
    Kadoya, K. , Matsunaga, N. , Nagashima, A. , 1985. Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 947-970. doi: 10.1063/1.555744
    Kalač, P. , 2013. A review of chemical composition and nutritional value of wild-growing and cultivated mushrooms. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93, 209-218. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5960
    Kang X. , Kirui A. , Muszyński A. , Widanage M. C. D. , Chen A. , Azadi P. , Wang P. , Mentink-Vigier F. , Wang T. , 2018. Molecular architecture of fungal cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR. Nat Commun 9, 2747. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05199-0
    Keles, A. , Koca, I. , Gençcelep, H. , 2011. Antioxidant properties of wild edible mushrooms. J. Food Process. Technol. 2, 6.
    Khamrai, M. , Banerjee, S. L. , Kundu, P. P. , 2018. A sustainable production method of mycelium biomass using an isolated fungal strain Phanerochaete chrysosporium (accession no: KY593186): its exploitation in wound healing patch formation. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 16, 548-557. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.013
    Kim, Y. , Ullah, M. W. , Ul-Islam, M. , Khan, S. , Jang, J. H. , Park, J. K. , 2019. Self-assembly of bio-cellulose nanofibrils through intermediate phase in a cell-free enzyme system. Biochem. Eng. J. 142, 135-144. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.11.017
    Lee, T. G. , Lee, S. Y. , Jeong, J. H. , Jo, B. K. , 2003. Screening of tyrosinase inhibiting activity from the marine-derived fungus. Pigment Cell Research 16, 604. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/pcr/2003/00000016/00000005/art00118
    Lelivelt, R. J. J. , Lindner, G. , Teuffel, P. , Lamers, H. , 2015. The production process and compressive strength of Mycelium-based materials. First International Conference on Bio-based Building Materials. http://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Alibrary.tue.nl%3A838514
    Levina, N. N. , Lew, R. R. , 2006. The role of tip-localized mitochondria in hyphal growth. Fungal Genet Biol 43, 65-74. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.008
    Li, H. , Zhao, H. , Gao, Z. , Song, X. , Wang, W. , Yuan, F. , Feng, Y. , Zhang, Y. , Zhang, J. , Zhang, S. , Jia, L. , 2019. The antioxidant and anti-aging effects of acetylated mycelia polysaccharides from Pleurotus djamor. Molecules 24, 2698. doi: 10.3390/molecules24152698
    Li, S. , Jasim, A. , Zhao, W. , Fu, L. , Ullah, M. W. , Shi, Z. , Yang, G. , 2018. Fabrication of pH-electroactive bacterial cellulose/polyaniline hydrogel for the development of a controlled drug release system. ES Mater. Manuf. , 1, 41-49. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/328258729_Fabrication_of_pH-electroactive_Bacterial_CellulosePolyaniline_Hydrogel_for_the_Development_of_a_Controlled_Drug_Release_System
    Liu, H. , He, L. , 2012. Comparison of the moisture retention capacity of Tremella polysaccharides and hyaluronic acid. J. Anhui Agric. Sci. 40, 13093-13094. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-AHNY201226130.htm
    Liu, J. K. , 2002. Biologically active substances from mushrooms in Yunnan, China. Heterocycles 57, 157. doi: 10.3987/REV-01-543
    Liu, R. , Long, L. , Sheng, Y. , Xu, J. F. , Qiu, H. Y. , Li, X. Y. , Wang, Y. X. , Wu, H. G. , 2019. Preparation of a kind of novel sustainable mycelium/cotton stalk composites and effects of pressing temperature on the properties. Ind. Crop. Prod. 141, 111732. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111732
    Lupo, M. P. , Cole, A. L. , 2007. Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol. Ther. 20, 343-349. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00148.x
    Madurwar, M. V. , Ralegaonkar, R. V. , Mandavgane, S. A. , 2013. Application of agro-waste for sustainable construction materials: a review. Constr. Build. Mater. 38, 872-878. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.011
    Mohanty, C. , Das, M. , Sahoo, S. K. , 2012. Sustained wound healing activity of curcumin loaded oleic acid based polymeric bandage in a rat model. Molm Pharmm 9, 2801-2811. doi: 10.1021/mp300075u
    Mohorčič, M. , Friedrich, J. , Renimel, I. , André, P. , Mandin, D. , Chaumont, J. P. , 2007. Production of melanin bleaching enzyme of fungal origin and its application in cosmetics. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 12, 200-206. doi: 10.1007/BF02931093
    Molnár, Z. , Bódai, V. , Szakacs, G. , Erdélyi, B. , Fogarassy, Z. , Sáfrán, G. , Varga, T. , Kónya, Z. , Tóth-Szeles, E. , Szűcs, R. , Lagzi, I. , 2018. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles by thermophilic filamentous fungi. Sci. Rep. 8, 3943. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22112-3
    Money, N. P. , 2016. Fungal cell biology and development. The Fungi. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 37-66. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123820341000025
    Nopharatana, M. , Mitchell, D. A. , Howes, T. , 2003. Use of confocal scanning laser microscopy to measure the concentrations of aerial and penetrative hyphae during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus on a solid surface. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84, 71-77. doi: 10.1002/bit.10752
    Ocampo, A. , Reddy, P. , Belmonte, J. C. I. , 2016. Anti-aging strategies based on cellular reprogramming. Trends Mol. Med. 22, 725-738. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.06.005
    Park, J. , Ul-Islam, M. , Wajid Ullah, M. , Khan, S. , Kamal, T. , Ul-Islam, S. , Shah, N. , 2016. Recent advancement in cellulose based Nanocomposite for addressing environmental challenges. Recent Patents Nanotechnol. 10, 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27136931
    Pelletier, M. G. , Holt, G. A. , Wanjura, J. D. , Bayer, E. , McIntyre, G. , 2013. An evaluation study of mycelium based acoustic absorbers grown on agricultural by-product substrates. Ind. Crop. Prod. 51, 480-485. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.008
    Peters, R. J. , 2013. Acoustics and noise control. London: Routledge.
    Poucheret, P. , Fons, F. , Rapior, S. , 2006. Biological and pharmacological activity of higher fungi: 20-Year retrospective analysis. Cryptogam. Mycol. 27, 311-333. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260135367_Biological_and_Pharmacological_Activity_of_Higher_Fungi_20-Year_Retrospective_Analysis
    Raudaskoski, M. , 2019. The central role of Septa in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune hyphal morphogenesis. Fungal Biol. 123, 638-649. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.009
    Ruiz-Herrera, J. , Ortiz-Castellanos, L. , 2019. Cell wall glucans of fungi: a review. Cell Surf. 5, 100022. doi: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100022
    Samsudin, E. M. , Ismail, L. H. , Kadir, A. A. , 2016. A review on physical factors influencing absorption performance of fibrous sound absorption material from natural fibers. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 11, 3703-3710.
    Sartori, I. , Hestnes, A. G. , 2007. Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: a review article. Energy Build. 39, 249-257. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.001
    Sator, P. G. , Schmidt, J. B. , Hönigsmann, H. , 2003. Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 48, 352-358. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2003.105
    Smith, M. L. , Bruhn, J. N. , Anderson, J. B. , 1992. The fungus Armillaria bulbosa is among the largest and oldest living organisms. Nature 356, 428-431. doi: 10.1038/356428a0
    Solodovnik, T. , Stolyarenko, H. , Slis, A. , Kultenko, V. , 2017. Study of heat treatment effect on structure and solubility of chitosan films. Chem. Chem. Technol. 11, 175-179. doi: 10.23939/chcht11.02.175
    Steinhorst, L. , Kudla, J. , 2013. Calcium—A central regulator of pollen germination and tube growth. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Cell Res. 1833, 1573-1581. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.009
    Synytsya, A. , Novák, M. , 2013. Structural diversity of fungal glucans. Carbohydr Polym 92, 792-809. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.077
    Thoemen, H. , Humphrey, P. E. , 2006. Modeling the physical processes relevant during hot pressing of wood-based composites. Part I. Heat and mass transfer. Holz Als Roh - Und Werkstoff 64, 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00107-005-0027-2
    Tomiyama, T. , Kaihou, S. , Ishida, M. , Nishikawa, H. , Yamazaki, N. , Tsuji, K. , Mitsutake, S. , Igarashi, Y. , 2008. The water retention effects and action for atopic dermatitis-like symptoms of ethyl alcohol extract (from tamogi-take mushroom) on animal model of atopic dermatitis. Nippon. Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 61, 21-26. doi: 10.4327/jsnfs.61.21
    Ul-Islam, M. , Khan, S. , Ullah, M. W. , Park, J. K. , 2019a. Comparative study of plant and bacterial cellulose pellicles regenerated from Dissolved states. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 137, 247-252. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.232
    Ul-Islam, M. , Subhan, F. , Islam, S. U. , Khan, S. , Shah, N. , Manan, S. , Ullah, M. W. , Yang, G. , 2019b. Development of three-dimensional bacterial cellulose/chitosan scaffolds: analysis of cell-scaffold interaction for potential application in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 137, 1050-1059. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.050
    Ullah, M. W. , Manan, S. , Kiprono, S. J. , Ul-Islam, M. , Yang, G. , 2019. Synthesis, structure, and properties of bacterial cellulose. Nanocellulose. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 81-113.
    Ullah, M. W. , Shi, Z. J. , Shi, X. D. , Zeng, D. , Li, S. X. , Yang, G. , 2017. Microbes as structural templates in biofabrication: study of surface chemistry and applications. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 5, 11163-11175. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02765
    Uysal, H. , Demirboğa, R. , Şahin, R. , Gül, R. , 2004. The effects of different cement dosages, slumps, and pumice aggregate ratios on the thermal conductivity and density of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 34, 845-848. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.018
    Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun, G. , Baetens, J. M. , van den Bulcke, J. , De Baets, B. , 2017. Modelling three-dimensional fungal growth in response to environmental stimuli. J. Theor. Biol. 414, 35-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.11.020
    Vigneshwaran, N. , Kathe, A. A. , Varadarajan, P. V. , Nachane, R. P. , Balasubramanya, R. H. , 2006. Biomimetics of silver nanoparticles by white rot fungus, Phaenerochaete Chrysosporium. Colloids Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 53, 55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.07.014
    Villena, G. K. , Fujikawa, T. , Tsuyumu, S. , Gutiérrez-Correa, M. , 2010. Structural analysis of biofilms and pellets of Aspergillus niger by confocal laser scanning microscopy and cryo scanning electron microscopy. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 1920-1926. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.036
    Wang, X. M. , Zhang, Z. S. , Zhao, M. X. , 2015. Carboxymethylation of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis for antioxidant and moisture-preserving activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 72, 526-530. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.045
    Wang, Z. , Wang, H. , Kang, Z. , Wu, Y. , Xing, Y. , Yang, Y. , 2020. Antioxidant and anti-tumour activity of triterpenoid compounds isolated from Morchella mycelium. Arch. Microbiol. 202, 1677-1685. doi: 10.1007/s00203-020-01876-1
    Widsten, P. , Tuominen, S. , Qvintus-Leino, P. , Laine, J. E. , 2004. The influence of high defibration temperature on the properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) made from laccase-treated softwood fibers. Wood Sci. Technol. 38, 521-528. doi: 10.1007/s00226-003-0206-4
    Wu, Y. Z. , Choi, M. H. , Li, J. S. , Yang, H. T. , Shin, H. J. , 2016. Mushroom cosmetics: the present and future. Cosmetics 3, 22. doi: 10.3390/cosmetics3030022
    Xu, C. P. , Ojeda, M. , Arancon, R. A. D. , Romero, A. A. , Domingo, J. L. , Gómez, M. , Blanco, J. , Luque, R. , 2015. Bioinspired porous ZnO nanomaterials from fungal polysaccharides: advanced materials with unprecedented low toxicityin vitrofor human cells. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 3, 2716-2725. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00568
    Xu, N. , Gao, Z. , Zhang, J. J. , Jing, H. J. , Li, S. S. , Ren, Z. Z. , Wang, S. X. , Jia, L. , 2017. Hepatoprotection of enzymatic-extractable mycelia zinc polysaccharides by Pleurotus eryngii var. tuoliensis. Carbohydr. Polym. 157, 196-206. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.082
    Yang, Z. J. , Zhang, F. , Still, B. , White, M. , Amstislavski, P. , 2017. Physical and mechanical properties of fungal mycelium-based biofoam. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29, 04017030. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001866
    Ziegler, A. R. , Bajwa, S. G. , Holt, G. A. , McIntyre, G. , Bajwa, D. S. , 2016. Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties of mycelium reinforced green biocomposites made from cellulosic fibers. Appl. Eng. Agric. 32, 931-938. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201700144241
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(3)  / Tables(1)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (1558) PDF downloads(120) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return