Volume 6 Issue 4
Oct.  2021
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Jing Ying Yap, Ching Lik Hii, Sze Pheng Ong, Kuan Hon Lim, Faridah Abas, Kar Yong Pin. Quantification of Carpaine and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Carica Papaya Plant Leaves and Stalks[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2021, 6(4): 350-358. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.03.002
Citation: Jing Ying Yap, Ching Lik Hii, Sze Pheng Ong, Kuan Hon Lim, Faridah Abas, Kar Yong Pin. Quantification of Carpaine and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Carica Papaya Plant Leaves and Stalks[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2021, 6(4): 350-358. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.03.002

Quantification of Carpaine and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Carica Papaya Plant Leaves and Stalks

doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.03.002
More Information
  • Corresponding author: E-mail address: Ching-Lik.Hii@Nottingham.edu.my (Ching Lik Hii)
  • Received Date: 2020-09-22
  • Accepted Date: 2020-12-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-12-20
  • Available Online: 2021-04-06
  • Publish Date: 2021-10-28
  • Significance increase in dengue cases have been recorded worldwide every year and South East Asian countries have been badly affected. Currently, antiviral drug to treat dengue is still not available but papaya leaves extract (PLE) have been successfully used in treating dengue patients. Carpaine in PLE is the major active compounds that contributes to the anti-thrombocytopenic activity (raising platelet count in patient's blood). The PLE also contains polyphenols that contribute to antioxidant properties. Studies were carried out to extract and quantify carpaine from young leaves, old leaves and stalks of papaya plant. Carpaine crystalline powders were successfully purified and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Young papaya leaves recorded significantly higher amount of carpaine (P < 0.05) as compared with old leaves and stalks. Blending treatment showed significant effect (P < 0.05) on the amount of carpaine extracted from the young and old leaves and blended young leaves showed significantly much higher amount of carpaine as compared with the unblended samples (P < 0.05). In terms of total polyphenols content (TPC), young leaves (both unblended and blended samples) contained significantly higher amount of TPC (P < 0.05) followed by the old leaves and stalks. Results also showed relationship between the TPC and the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay scavenging activities namely IC50 (R2 = 0.9743) and acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) (R2 = 0.9581). Both young and old leaves also showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) DPPH scavenging activities as compared with the stalks in both unblended and blended samples. Young papaya leaves were recommended as source of material to extract carpaine for future development of drug in dengue treatment.

     

  • Declaration of Competing Interest
    There are no conflicts to declare.
  • loading
  • Abuajah, C.I., Ogbonna, A.C., Osuji, C.M., 2015. Functional components and medicinal properties of food: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 52, 2522-2529 doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1396-5
    Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Ayaz, M., Abbasi, B.H., Mohammad, I., Fazal, L., 2011. Dengue fever treatment with Carica papaya leaves extracts. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 1, 330-333 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-APTB201104019.htm
    Ahmad, R., Suzilah, I., Wan Najdah, W.M.A., Topek, O., Mustafakamal, I., Lee, H.L., 2018. Factors determining dengue outbreak in Malaysia. PLoS One 13, e0193326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193326.
    Anwar, K., Rahmanto, B., Triyasmono, L., Rizki, M.I., Halwany, W., Lestari, F., 2017. The influence of leaf age on total phenolic, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging capacity of Aquilaria beccariana. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 8, 129-133 http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7239/f629d1d2978947925e28c2234f6680e3a8ff.pdf
    Becker, L., Zaiter, A., Petit, J., Zimmer, D., Karam, M.C., Baudelaire, E., Scher, J., Dicko, A., 2016. Improvement of antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Hypericum perforatum and Achillea millefolium powders using successive grinding and sieving. Ind. Crop. Prod. 87, 116-123 doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.036
    Bujang, M.A., Mudin, R.N., Haniff, J., Ikhwan, T.M., Pin, G.P., 2017. Trend of dengue infection in Malaysia and the forecast up until year 2040. Int. Med. J. 24, 438-441 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/321681579_Trend_of_dengue_infection_in_Malaysia_and_the_forecast_up_until_year_2040
    Della Valle, A., Dimmito, M.P., Zengin, G., Pieretti, S., Mollica, A., Locatelli, M., Cichelli, A., Novellino, E., Ak, G., Yerlikaya, S., Baloglu, M.C., Celik Altunoglu, Y., Stefanucci, A., 2020. Exploring the nutraceutical potential of dried pepper Capsicum annuum L. on market from altino in abruzzo region. Antioxidants 9, 400 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32397242
    Dharmarathna, S.L.C.A., Wickramasinghe, S., Waduge, R.N., Rajapakse, R.P.V.J., Kularatne, S.A.M., 2013. Does Carica papaya leaf-extract increase the platelet count? An experimental study in a murine model. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 3, 720-724 doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60145-8
    Itidel, C., Chokri, M., Mohamed, B., Yosr, Z., 2013. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content variation among Tunisian natural populations of Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande and Rhus pentaphylla Desf. Ind. Crop. Prod. 51, 171-177 doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.002
    Kaysar, M.I., Hoq, M.S., Islam, M.W., Islam, M.S., Islam, M.T., 2019. Profitability analysis of Papaya cultivation in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agric. Res. 44, 115-126 doi: 10.3329/bjar.v44i1.40936
    Ketsuwan, N., Leelarungrayub, J., Kothan, S., Singhatong, S., 2017. Antioxidant compounds and activities of the stem, flower, and leaf extracts of the anti-smoking Thai medicinal plant: Vernonia cinerea Less. . Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 11, 383-391 doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S126882
    Lim, Y.Y., Lim, T.T., Tee, J.J., 2007. Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: a comparative study. Food Chem. 103, 1003-1008 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.038
    Mudin, R.N., 2015. Dengue incidence and the prevention and control program in Malaysia. Int. Med. J. Malays. 14, 5-9
    Sagar, V.R., Suresh Kumar, P., 2010. Recent advances in drying and dehydration of fruits and vegetables: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47, 15-26 doi: 10.1007/s13197-010-0010-8
    Santana, L.F., Inada, A.C., Espirito Santo, B.L.S.D., Filiú, W.F.O., Pott, A., Alves, F.M., de Cássia A Guimarães, R., de Cássia Freitas, K., Hiane, P.A., 2019. Nutraceutical potential of Carica papaya in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 11, 1608 doi: 10.3390/nu11071608
    Santhanam Menon, A., Hii, C.L., Law, C.L., Shariff, S., Djaeni, M., 2017. Effects of drying on the production of polyphenol-rich cocoa beans. Dry. Technol. 35, 1799-1806 doi: 10.1080/07373937.2016.1276072
    Sato, T., Aoyagi, S., Kibayashi, C., 2003. Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-azimine and (+)-carpaine. Org. Lett. 5, 3839-3842 doi: 10.1021/ol030088w
    Shih, M.C., Chang, C.M., Kang, S.M., Tsai, M.L., 2011. Effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, 6077-6088 doi: 10.3390/ijms12096077
    Shubham, S., Mishra, R., Gautam, N., Nepal, M., Kashyap, N., Dutta, K., 2019. Phytochemical analysis of papaya leaf extract: screening test. EC Dental Sci. 18, 485-490 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/331641625_Phytochemical_Analysis_of_Papaya_Leaf_Extract_Screening_Test/download
    Singh, Y., Bhatnagar, P., 2019. A review on exploitation of nutraceuticals from potential fruit crops. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7, 213-223 doi: 10.18782/2320-7051.7422
    Stefanucci, A., Zengin, G., Llorent-Martinez, E.J., Dimmito, M.P., Della Valle, A., Pieretti, S., Ak, G., Sinan, K.I., Mollica, A, 2020. Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition of Rutabaga root's pulp and peel (Brassica napus L.). . Arab. J. Chem. 13, 7078-7086 doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.013
    Subenthiran, S., Choon, T.C., Cheong, K.C., Thayan, R., Teck, M.B., Muniandy, P.K., Afzan, A., Abdullah, N.R., Ismail, Z., 2013. Carica papaya leaves juice significantly accelerates the rate of increase in platelet count among patients with dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Evid. -Based Complementary Altern. Med 1-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23662145
    Teixeira, R., Pereira, W., Oliveira, A., da Silva, A., de Oliveira, A., da Silva, M., da Silva, C., de Paula, S., 2014. Natural products as source of potential dengue antivirals. Molecules 19, 8151-8176 doi: 10.3390/molecules19068151
    Thi, N.D., Hwang, E.S., 2014. Bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity in Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) leaves collected at different growth stages. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 19, 204-212 doi: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.204
    World Health Organization (WHO), 2020. Dengue and Severe Dengue. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue (accessed 18 March 2020).
    Yap, J.Y., Hii, C.L., Ong, S.P., Lim, K.H., Abas, F., Pin, K.Y., 2020. Effects of drying on total polyphenols content and antioxidant properties of Carica papaya leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric. 100, 2932-2937 doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10320
    Zehiroglu, C., Ozturk Sarikaya, S.B., 2019. The importance of antioxidants and place in today's scientific and technological studies. J. Food Sci. Technol. 56, 4757-4774 doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-03952-x
    Zunjar, V., Dash, R.P., Jivrajani, M., Trivedi, B., Nivsarkar, M., 2016. Antithrombocytopenic activity of carpaine and alkaloidal extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves in busulfan induced thrombocytopenic Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 181, 20-25 http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26812680
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(6)  / Tables(3)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (703) PDF downloads(25) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return