Volume 7 Issue 2
May  2022
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts  > 2022  >  7(2): 99-108
Khairatun Najwa Mohd Amin, Alireza Hosseinmardi, Darren J. Martin, Pratheep K. Annamalai. A mixed acid methodology to produce thermally stable cellulose nanocrystal at high yield using phosphoric acid[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2022, 7(2): 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.12.002
Citation: Khairatun Najwa Mohd Amin, Alireza Hosseinmardi, Darren J. Martin, Pratheep K. Annamalai. A mixed acid methodology to produce thermally stable cellulose nanocrystal at high yield using phosphoric acid[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2022, 7(2): 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.12.002
shu

A mixed acid methodology to produce thermally stable cellulose nanocrystal at high yield using phosphoric acid

doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.12.002
  • a.

    ustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia

  • b.

    Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang Kuantan, Pahang D.M. Malaysia

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  • Corresponding author: E-mail addresses: knajwa@ump.edu.my (K.N.M. Amin); E-mail addresses: p.annamalai@uq.edu.au (P.K. Annamalai)
  • Received Date: 2021-07-20
  • Accepted Date: 2021-12-08
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-12-01
    • Available Online: 2022-05-06
  • Publish Date: 2022-05-01
    Abstract
  • Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) with distinctive shape-morphology, enhanced thermal stability and dispersibility is essential for overcoming the challenges in processing polymer/CNC nanocomposites through melt compounding at elevated temperatures. This study shows a mixed acid hydrolysis method to produce CNC with improved thermal stability and high productivity. The use of phosphoric acid (H3PO4), as a mild acid, in combination with a strong acid either sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) leads to reduced use of strong acids and low impact on our environment. The influences of acid combination and sequence of addition on the production yield were investigated by retaining the proportion of H3PO4 to corrosive acid (H2SO4 and HCl) 4 to 1, and solid to liquid ratio 1:75. This methodology has enabled to isolate CNC with higher thermal stability, dispersibility and productivity in terms of amount acid used 1 g of CNC, as compared with single acid hydrolysis. The CNC produced using the combination of H3PO4 and HCl exhibits high thermal stability, dispersibility and rod-like shape morphology with length and width of (424 ± 86) and (22 ± 3) nm, respectively. Moreover, this approach has reduced H3PO4 consumption by 54% as compared with single acid hydrolysis method for the production of same amount of CNC.

     

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