Volume 11 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts  > 2026  >  11(1): 100223
Yujing Tan, Yuyuan Li, Kaiwen Chen, Tianyi Zhan, Hui Peng, Fengze Sun, Liping Cai, Lei Shi, Jianxiong Lyu. High-flux rattan biochar microreactor for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation via component-regulated structure engineering[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2026, 11(1): 100223. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2025.10.003
Citation: Yujing Tan, Yuyuan Li, Kaiwen Chen, Tianyi Zhan, Hui Peng, Fengze Sun, Liping Cai, Lei Shi, Jianxiong Lyu. High-flux rattan biochar microreactor for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation via component-regulated structure engineering[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2026, 11(1): 100223. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2025.10.003
shu

High-flux rattan biochar microreactor for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation via component-regulated structure engineering

doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2025.10.003

  • Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

More Information
  • Corresponding author: E-mail address: lshi@njfu.edu.cn (L. Shi); E-mail address: jianxiong@caf.ac.cn (J. Lyu)
  • Received Date: 2025-06-17
  • Accepted Date: 2025-09-21
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-09-13
    • Available Online: 2025-10-20
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-01
    Abstract
  • Agroforestry waste-derived biochar has attracted wide interest in environmental remediation owing to its resource abundance and structural advantages. However, pristine biochar powders usually exhibit low catalytic activity and encounter challenges in separation and recovery, which limit their large-scale application. Here, we developed a rattan-derived biochar microreactor with a robust monolithic structure and abundant active sites using a facile component-regulation strategy. By tuning the inherent cellulose and lignin composition, we tailored hierarchically porous channels with high surface area, abundant defect-related catalytic sites, and desirable electrical conductivity. Taking peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation as a model process, the continuous-flow biochar microreactor achieved efficient degradation of tetracycline (TC), methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB), with an ultrahigh flux of 2.3 × 104 L/(m2·h) driven by gravity. Coupling with deep mechanism investigation and density functional theory (DFT) simulation, the favorable carbon configurations (e.g., graphitic structures and boundary-like defects) triggered a desirable non-radical dominated pathway in PMS activation, contributing to the impressive catalytic performance. This work not only expands horizons for high value-added utilization of biomass waste but also provides a practical paradigm for designing high-performance biochar microreactors for environmental remediation.

     

    • Declaration of competing interest
    The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
    Supplementary materials
    Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.jobab.2025.10.003.
    Peer review under the responsibility of Editorial Office of Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts.
    FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(49)
  • Chon, K., Kim, Y.M., Bae, S., 2024. Advances in Fe-modified lignocellulosic biochar: Impact of iron species and characteristics on wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 395, 130332. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130332
    Ding, T., Xu, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, X.X., Sun, H., Shi, L., Wei, J.T., Xu, D.L., Zhang, S., Duan, X.G., Zhang, J.Q., Wang, S.B., Sun, H.Q., 2024. Green preparation of fiberboard waste derived N–doped carbon catalysts with tailored properties for efficient hydrogenation reduction of nitroaromatics. Chem. Eng. J. 489, 151197. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.151197
    Dong, C.D., Chen, C.W., Hung, C.M., 2017. Synthesis of magnetic biochar from bamboo biomass to activate persulfate for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Bioresour. Technol. 245, 188–195. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.204
    Duan, X.G., Sun, H.Q., Wang, S.B., 2018. Metal-free carbocatalysis in advanced oxidation reactions. Acc. Chem. Res. 51(3), 678–687. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00535
    Duan, R., Ma, S.L., Xu, S.J., Wang, B.B., He, M.F., Li, G.X., Fu, H.C., Zhao, P., 2022. Soybean straw biochar activating peroxydisulfate to simultaneously eliminate tetracycline and tetracycline resistance bacteria: Insights on the mechanism. Water Res. 218, 118489. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118489
    Eckmann, A., Felten, A., Mishchenko, A., Britnell, L., Krupke, R., Novoselov, K.S., Casiraghi, C., 2012. Probing the nature of defects in graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 12(8), 3925–3930. doi: 10.1021/nl300901a
    Fang, G.D., Liu, C., Gao, J., Dionysiou, D.D., Zhou, D.M., 2015. Manipulation of persistent free radicals in biochar to activate persulfate for contaminant degradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49(9), 5645–5653. doi: 10.1021/es5061512
    He, C., Ma, X.J., Feng, H.J., Ding, Y.C., Xia, Y.J., Wang, Z.W., 2024. Electro-activation of peroxymonosulfate using a carbon fiber membrane anode for high-efficient degradation of antibiotic wastewater: The dominant role of singlet oxygen. Chem. Eng. J. 486, 150239. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.150239
    Huang, D.L., Huang, H., Wang, G.F., Li, R.J., Xiao, R.H., Du, L., Zhou, W., Xu, W.B., 2024. Simultaneous elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by different Fe-N Co-doped biochars activating peroxymonosulfate: The key role of pyridine-N and Fe-N sites. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 668, 12–24. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.082
    Kaur, P., Kumar, S., Rani, J., Singh, J., Kaushal, S., Hussain, K., Nagendra Babu, J., Mittal, S., 2024. Rationally tailored synergy between adsorption efficiency of cotton shell activated carbon and PMS activation via biogenic Fe0 or Cu° for effective mitigation of triphenylmethane dyes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 342, 127010. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127010
    Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H.P., Bohn, A., 2005. Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 3358–3393. doi: 10.1002/anie.200460587
    Li, J.P., Ma, R.M., Lu, Y., Wu, Z.X., Su, M.L., Jin, K.X., Qin, D.C., Zhang, R., Bai, R.H., He, S., Chen, Y.H., Jiang, Z.H., 2020. A gravity-driven high-flux catalytic filter prepared using a naturally three-dimensional porous rattan biotemplate decorated with Ag nanoparticles. Green Chem. 22, 6846–6854. doi: 10.1039/d0gc01709d
    Li, Y.Q., Huang, X.B., Lv, J.J., Wang, F., Jiang, S.H., Wang, G., 2022. Enzymolysis-treated wood-derived hierarchical porous carbon for fluorescence-functionalized phase change materials. Compos. Part B Eng. 234, 109735. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109735
    Liu, D., Zhou, W.Q., Tan, S.H., Wang, X.X., Zheng, Y.B., Wang, H.W., Zhou, L., Lei, J.Y., Zhang, J.L., Liu, Y.D., 2023. Defect engineering of MOF-derived carbon for peroxymonosulfate activation to degrade sulfadiazine: Roles of carbon vacancies and edge defects. ACS ES&T Eng. 3(11), 2038–2050. doi: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00323
    Maarisetty, D., Baral, S.S., 2020. Defect engineering in photocatalysis: Formation, chemistry, optoelectronics, and interface studies. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 18560–18604. doi: 10.1039/d0ta04297h
    Meng, H., Nie, C.Y., Li, W.L., Duan, X.G., Lai, B., Ao, Z.M., Wang, S.B., An, T.C., 2020. Insight into the effect of lignocellulosic biomass source on the performance of biochar as persulfate activator for aqueous organic pollutants remediation: Epicarp and mesocarp of Citrus peels as examples. J. Hazard. Mater. 399, 123043. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123043
    Nguyen, T.B., Nguyen, T.K.T., Chen, C.W., Chen, W.H., Bui, X.T., Lam, S.S., Dong, C.D., 2023. NiCo2O4-loaded sunflower husk-derived biochar as efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for tetracycline removal in water. Bioresour. Technol. 382, 129182. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129182
    Oh, W.D., Dong, Z.L., Lim, T.T., 2016. Generation of sulfate radical through heterogeneous catalysis for organic contaminants removal: Current development, challenges and prospects. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 194, 169–201. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.003
    Ren, W., Xiong, L.L., Nie, G., Zhang, H., Duan, X.G., Wang, S.B., 2020. Insights into the electron-transfer regime of peroxydisulfate activation on carbon nanotubes: The role of oxygen functional groups. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54(2), 1267–1275. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06208
    Ren, S.Y., Xu, X., Zhu, Z.S., Yang, Y.Y., Tian, W.J., Hu, K.S., Zhong, S., Yi, J.B., Duan, X.G., Wang, S.B., 2024. Catalytic transformation of microplastics to functional carbon for catalytic peroxymonosulfate activation: Conversion mechanism and defect of scavenging. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 342, 123410. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123410
    Sharma, A.K., Ghodke, P.K., Goyal, N., Bobde, P., Kwon, E.E., Lin, K.A., Chen, W.H., 2023. A critical review on biochar production from pine wastes, upgradation techniques, environmental sustainability, and challenges. Bioresour. Technol. 387, 129632. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129632
    Shen, B., Liu, Y.G., Liu, S.B., Tan, X.F., Zhang, P., Du, L., Wen, J., 2020. Catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by persulfate activated with magnetic graphitized biochar: Multiple mechanisms and variables effects. Process. Saf. Environ. Prot. 144, 143–157. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.041
    Shi, L., Yin, Y., Zhang, L.C., Wang, S.B., Sillanpää, M., Sun, H.Q., 2019. Design and engineering heterojunctions for the photoelectrochemical monitoring of environmental pollutants: A review. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 248, 405–422. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.02.044
    Shi, L., Yin, Y., Wang, S.B., Sun, H.Q., 2020. Rational catalyst design for N2 reduction under ambient conditions: Strategies toward enhanced conversion efficiency. ACS Catal. 10, 6870–6899. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01081
    Sun, H.Q., Wang, Y.X., Liu, S.Z., Ge, L., Wang, L., Zhu, Z.H., Wang, S.B., 2013. Facile synthesis of nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide as a superior metal-free catalyst for oxidation. Chem. Commun. 49, 9914–9916. doi: 10.1039/c3cc43401j
    Sun, M., Liu, H.H., Tao, X.F., Zhai, L.F., Wang, S.B., 2021. Self-supporting MnOx nanoparticles on loofah-sponge-derived carbon felt for electroassisted catalytic wet air oxidation of water contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1, 173–182. doi: 10.1021/acsestengg.0c00036
    Tan, Y.J., Chen, K.W., Zhu, J.Y., Sun, F.Z., Peng, H., Zhan, T.Y., Lyu, J.X., 2023. Gravity-driven rattan-based catalytic filter for rapid and highly efficient organic pollutant removal. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 643, 124–136. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.158
    Tang, Z., Zhang, R., Wang, H.Y., Zhou, S.Y., Pan, Z.Y., Huang, Y.C., Sun, D., Tang, Y.G., Ji, X.B., Amine, K., Shao, M.H., 2023. Revealing the closed pore formation of waste wood-derived hard carbon for advanced sodium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 14, 6024. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39637-5
    Tang, C.Y., Xu, C.Y., Zhong, G.Y., Cen, Z., Ni, Z.B., Yao, Z.F., Fang, Y.P., Qiu, R.L., Zhang, S.S., 2024. Unveiling activation mechanism of persulfate by homologous hemp-derived biochar catalysts for enhanced tetracycline wastewater remediation. Bioresour. Technol. 400, 130684. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130684
    Wang, N., Ma, W.J., Ren, Z.Q., Du, Y.C., Xu, P., Han, X.J., 2018. Prussian blue analogues derived porous nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres as high-performance metal-free peroxymonosulfate activators for non-radical-dominated degradation of organic pollutants. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 884–895. doi: 10.1039/c7ta08472b
    Wang, P., Zhang, G., Wei, X.Y., Liu, R., Gu, J.J., Cao, F.F., 2021. Bioselective synthesis of a porous carbon collector for high-performance sodium-metal anodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143(9), 3280–3283. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c12098
    Wang, W.Q., Chen, M., 2022. Catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by peroxymonosulfate activation system composed of nitrogen-doped biochar from pomelo peel: Important roles of defects and nitrogen, and detoxification of intermediates. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 613, 57–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.006
    Xu, L.J., Ye, Z.Y., Pan, Y.W., Zhang, Y., Gong, H., Mei, X., Qiao, W.C., Gan, L., 2023. Effect of lignocellulosic biomass composition on the performance of biochar for the activation of peroxymonosulfate to degrade diclofenac. Sep. Purif. Technol. 311, 123312. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123312
    Xue, D.P., Xia, H.C., Yan, W.F., Zhang, J.N., Mu, S.C., 2020. Defect engineering on carbon-based catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Nanomicro Lett. 13, 5. doi: 10.1515/9783110666977-002
    Yan, J.C., Han, L., Gao, W.G., Xue, S., Chen, M.F., 2015. Biochar supported nanoscale zerovalent iron composite used as persulfate activator for removing trichloroethylene. Bioresour. Technol. 175, 269–274. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.103
    Yang, Q., Chen, Y.D., Duan, X.G., Zhou, S.K., Niu, Y., Sun, H.Q., Zhi, L.J., Wang, S.B., 2020. Unzipping carbon nanotubes to nanoribbons for revealing the mechanism of nonradical oxidation by carbocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 276, 119146. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119146
    Ye, S.J., Zeng, G.M., Tan, X.F., Wu, H.P., Liang, J., Song, B., Tang, N., Zhang, P., Yang, Y.Y., Chen, Q., Li, X.P., 2020. Nitrogen-doped biochar fiber with graphitization from Boehmeria nivea for promoted peroxymonosulfate activation and non-radical degradation pathways with enhancing electron transfer. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 269, 118850. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118850
    Ye, S.J., Tan, X.F., Yang, H.L., Xiong, J.H., Zhu, H.X., Song, H.N., Chen, G.N., 2022. Catalytic removal of attached tetrabromobisphenol A from microplastic surface by biochar activating oxidation and its impact on potential of disinfection by-products formation. Water Res. 225, 119191. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119191
    Ye, X.C., Chen, D.Z., Zhang, Q.Z., Zhou, T.L., Zou, J.P., Luo, S.L., 2025. Enhanced and synergistic catalytic activation through spinel-carbon built-in electric field: A novel pathway for generating 1O2. Chem. Eng. J. 504, 158906. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.158906
    Yu, J.F., Feng, H.P., Tang, L., Pang, Y., Zeng, G.M., Lu, Y., Dong, H.R., Wang, J.J., Liu, Y.N., Feng, C.Y., Wang, J.J., Peng, B., Ye, S.J., 2020a. Metal-free carbon materials for persulfate-based advanced oxidation process: Microstructure, property and tailoring. Prog. Mater. Sci. 111, 100654. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100654
    Yu, J.F., Tang, L., Pang, Y., Zeng, G.M., Feng, H.P., Zou, J.J., Wang, J.J., Feng, C.Y., Zhu, X., Ouyang, X.L., Tan, J.S., 2020b Hierarchical porous biochar from shrimp shell for persulfate activation: A two-electron transfer path and key impact factors. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 260, 118160. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118160
    Zhang, Q.Z., Ye, X.C., Chen, D.Z., Chen, H., Zhang, Z.X., Fu, M.S., Dong, Y.Q., 2025. Interfacial electronic structure engineering on nano-confined cobalt nanoparticles to enhance Fenton-like reaction. J. Hazard. Mater. 491, 137930. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137930
    Zhao, Y.L., Yuan, X.Z., Li, X.D., Jiang, L.B., Wang, H., 2021. Burgeoning prospects of biochar and its composite in persulfate-advanced oxidation process. J. Hazard. Mater. 409, 124893. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124893
    Zhao, L., Zhang, H.L., Dai, Z.P., Zhang, A.Y., Yin, J., Peng, S.C., Liang, H., 2022. Recycling chestnut shell for superior peroxymonosulfate activation in contaminants degradation via the synergistic radical/non-radical mechanisms. J. Hazard. Mater. 430, 128471. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128471
    Zheng, K.W., Xiao, L., 2023. Magnetic porous carbon materials derived from metal-organic framework in situ growth on natural cellulose of wood for sulfadiazine degradation: Role of delignification and mechanisms. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 248, 125902. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125902
    Zhou, X.R., Zeng, Z.T., Zeng, G.M., Lai, C., Xiao, R., Liu, S.Y., Huang, D.L., Qin, L., Liu, X.G., Li, B.S., Yi, H., Fu, Y.K., Li, L., Wang, Z.H., 2020. Persulfate activation by swine bone char-derived hierarchical porous carbon: Multiple mechanism system for organic pollutant degradation in aqueous media. Chem. Eng. J. 383, 123091. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123091
    Zhu, H.L., Shen, F., Luo, W., Zhu, S.Z., Zhao, M.H., Natarajan, B., Dai, J.Q., Zhou, L.H., Ji, X.L., Yassar, R.S., Li, T., Hu, L.B., 2017. Low temperature carbonization of cellulose nanocrystals for high performance carbon anode of sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 33, 37–44. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.021
    Zhu, S.S., Huang, X.C., Ma, F., Wang, L., Duan, X.G., Wang, S.B., 2018. Catalytic removal of aqueous contaminants on N-doped graphitic biochars: Inherent roles of adsorption and nonradical mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52(15), 8649–8658. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01817
    Zhu, H., An, Q., Syafika Mohd Nasir, A., Babin, A., Lucero Saucedo, S., Vallenas, A., Li, L., Baldwin, S.A., Lau, A., Bi, X.T., 2023. Emerging applications of biochar: A review on techno-environmental-economic aspects. Bioresour. Technol. 388, 129745. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129745
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(7)  / Tables(1)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (9) PDF downloads(0) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related
    • Wechat: JBB生物质资源与工程

    Copyright © 2019 Editorial Office of Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd  support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return