Volume 11 Issue 4
Aug.  2026
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts  > 2026  >  11(4): 100285
Zhengyu Zhou, Xiaoqing Du, Jie Huang, Minxiao Lai, Yuqi Song, Wenjie Zong, Qi Chen, Qiqi Zhou, Chunfeng Hu, Qingguo Feng, Min Wu, Man Jiang. 3D printable ionically conductive cellulose hydrogel sensor with robust water binding property at low temperatures[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2026, 11(4): 100285. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2026.100285
Citation: Zhengyu Zhou, Xiaoqing Du, Jie Huang, Minxiao Lai, Yuqi Song, Wenjie Zong, Qi Chen, Qiqi Zhou, Chunfeng Hu, Qingguo Feng, Min Wu, Man Jiang. 3D printable ionically conductive cellulose hydrogel sensor with robust water binding property at low temperatures[J]. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2026, 11(4): 100285. doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2026.100285
shu

3D printable ionically conductive cellulose hydrogel sensor with robust water binding property at low temperatures

doi: 10.1016/j.jobab.2026.100285
  • a.

    School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

  • b.

    Sierra Canyon School, Chatsworth, CA 91311, United States

  • c.

    School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

  • d.

    Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

More Information
  • Corresponding author: E-mail address: jiangman1021@swjtu.edu.cn (M. Jiang)
  • Received Date: 2026-04-29
  • Accepted Date: 2026-07-20
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-07-14
    • Available Online: 2026-08-04
  • Publish Date: 2026-08-01
    Abstract

  • Conductive hydrogel sensors are pivotal for next-generation flexible wearable devices. However, conventional hydrogels suffer from limitations such as insufficient low temperature tolerance, mechanical robustness, and biocompatibility. Herein, a binary molten salt hydrate (MSH) consisting of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and lithium bromide (LiBr) has been found to efficiently dissolve natural cellulose for synthesis of ionically conductive hydrogel with robust water binding property. The conductive cellulose hydrogel achieved surpassing ionic conductivity of 4.48 S/m, impressive compressive strength of 2.48 MPa, and excellent sensing performance. Molecular simulations disclosed the synergistic effect of lithium and zinc ions in cellulose dissolving and stabilization of the cellulose solution by forming robust water binding performance under low temperatures. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed no exothermic peaks associated with water crystallization over the temperature range from −80 to 20 ℃. Furthermore, shear-thinning characteristics of the conductive hydrogel under room temperature make it 3D printable for fabricating customized complex geometries. This work provides a binary molten salt system for facile processing of flexible wearable sensors from cellulose with mechanical robustness, biocompatibility.

     

    • Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process
    We used AI-assisted tools during the initial drafting stage to refine the language in order to improve readability. It is important to clarify that AI tools were never used to generate scientific arguments, data, conclusions, or any core academic content; their role was strictly limited to linguistic assistance.
    Author contributions
    Zhengyu Zhou: methodology, writing-reviewing; Xiaoqing Du: methodology, data curation; Jie Huang: methodology; Minxiao Lai: software, Yuqi Song: methodology; Wenjie Zong: methodology, Qi Chen: writing-reviewing; Qiqi Zhou: writing-reviewing; Chunfeng Hu: data curation; Qingguo Feng: software, methodology; Min Wu: reviewing and editing; Man Jiang: conceptualization, data curation, writing-reviewing and editing.
    Ethical statement
    All experiments involving human subjects were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The volunteer employed in the human motion sensing tests and human-machine glove interaction experiments was the contributing author (First author Zhengyu Zhou) of this manuscript, and the gender of the volunteers had no impact on the research results. All tests were performed voluntarily with informed consent. All animal experiments were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Southwest Jiaotong University (approval number: SWJTU-2503-NSFC-046) and comply with the National Research Council's Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
    Data availability
    Data will be made available on request.
    Declaration of competing interest
    The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
    Supplementary materials
    Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.jobab.2026.100285.
    Peer review under the responsibility of Editorial Office of Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts.
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